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cÖavbgš¿x, my wP‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbvb †`L‡Z w`b AvwkÖZ †ivwn½v‡`i AvwZ©!
†gvnv¤§` Avjx †evLvix, Ui‡›Uv †_‡K : wgqvbgv‡ii †ivwn½v Bmy¨‡Z †klUvq gyL Ly‡j‡Qb we‡k¦i we‡eK I kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ejRqx MYZš¿Kvgx As mvb my wP| MZ †mvgevi 18 Ryb biI‡q †_‡K Avqvij¨v‡Ûi D‡Ï‡k iIqvbv †`qvi Av‡M jmwe MWm-G Av‡qvwRZ GK msev` m‡¤§j‡b wgqvbgvi miKv‡ii Kv‡Q †`kwUi bvMwiK‡Z¡i AvBbwU my¯úó Kivi `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Qb wZwb| e‡j‡Qb, ÔIf we were very clear as to who are the citizens of the country, under citizenship laws, then there wouldn't be the problem that is always coming up, that there are accusations of that some people do not belong in Bangladesh, or some people do not belong in Burma. We are not certain exactly what the requirements of citizenship laws are. There are some who say that some of those who claim to be Rohingyas aren't the ones actually native to Burma, but have just come over recently from Bangladesh. On the other hand Bangladesh says no, they don't want them as refugees because they are not native to Bangladesh but come from BurmaÕ A_©vr bvMwiK‡Z¡i AvBb m¤ú‡K© hw` Avgiv cwi¯‹vi _vKZvg, Zv n‡j wKQz †jvK evsjv‡`wk bq, wKQz †jvK evg©vi bq GB AweiZ mgm¨vwU _vKZ bv| Avgiv my¯úófv‡e Rvwb bv bvMwiK‡Z¡i Rb¨ Kx eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q| wKQz †jvK Av‡Qb hviv e‡jb †ivwn½v `vwe`vi evg©vi Avw` evwm›`v bq, Zviv m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`k †_‡K G‡m‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`k ej‡Q ÔbvÕ, Zviv Zv‡`i DØv¯‘ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z ivwR bq, KviY Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki evwm›`v bq eis evg©v †_‡K G‡m‡QÕ| Z‡e †ivwn½viv evwg©R wKbv Ggb cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e wZwb my¯úófv‡e e‡j‡Qb, ÔI do not knowÕ A_©vr Avwg Rvwb bv|
ev¯ÍweK A‡_©, Avgvi Kv‡Q Zvi GB K_v¸‡jv 21 eQi cÖZx¶vi ci †mB biI‡q‡Z †`qv †bv‡ej fvl‡Yi cÖwZ GK Pig gZ‰ØZZv I Dcnvm e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv IB †bv‡ej fvl‡Y wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔWhen the Nobel Commitee awarded the Peace Prize to me they were recognizing that the oppressed and the isolated in Burma were also a part of the world, they were recognizing the oneness of humanity. So for me receiving the Nobel Peace Prize means personally extending my concerns for democracy and human rights beyond national borders. The Nobel Peace Prize opened up a door in my heart The Burmese concept of peace can be explained as the happiness arising from the cessation of factors that militate against the harmonious and the wholesome. The word nyein-chan translates literally as the beneficial coolness that comes when a fire is extinguished. Fires of suffering and strife are raging around the world. In my own country, hostilities have not ceased in the far north; to the west, communal violence resulting in arson and murder were taking place just several days before I started out on the journey that has brought me here today. News of atrocities in other reaches of the earth aboundÕ A_©vr, †bv‡ej KwgwU hLb Avgv‡K kvwšÍ cyi¯‹viwU †`q, ZLb evg©vi wb‡®úwlZ‡`i we‡k¦i Ask wn‡m‡e Keyj K‡i‡Q, Zviv Awe‡”Q`¨ gvbeZv‡K Keyj K‡i‡Q| †mB Kvi‡Y Avgvi e¨w³MZfv‡e kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹viwU MÖnY KivwU RvZxq mxgvbvi evB‡i MYZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii D‡ØM‡K we¯Í…Z K‡i‡Q| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹viwU Avgvi nƒ`‡qi `iRv‡K Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| evwg©R‡`i kvwšÍi aviYvwU wgjwewkó I mRxeZvi wei“‡× mwµq ¶vwšÍ ev weiwZi Dcv`vb †_‡K D™¢‚Z my‡LB AšÍwb©wnZ| Ôwb‡qb-†PbÕ kãwUi Av¶wiK A_© n‡”Q Av¸b wb‡f hvIqvi ci †h cÖkvwšÍ Av‡m| `y‡f©v‡Mi Av¸b I weev` we‡k¦i me©Î| Avgvi wb‡Ri †`‡k, Dˇi nvbvnvwb eÜ nqwb, cwð‡g RvwZMZ mwnsmZv AwMœms‡hvM I nZ¨v RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q, †mUvB msNwUZ nIqvi ci †h hvÎvq AvR Avwg GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z|
we¯§‡q nZevK n‡Z nq, †h †bÎx‡K Avwg GZUv †`exZzj¨ g‡b Kwi, †h †bÎx Zvi †`‡ki 6 †KvwU gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•¶vi AcÖwZØ›Øx cÖwZdjb, hv‡K mviv we‡k¦i we‡eK I MYZ‡š¿i cÖZxK AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q, hvi Rxebv‡jL¨ wb‡q d«v‡Ýi L¨vZbvgv cwiPvjK jvK †emb Ô`¨ †jwWÕ QvqvQwe K‡i‡Qb Ges wb‡RB whwb 1991 mv‡j Ôwd«Wg d«g wdqviÕ eB iPbv K‡i wj‡L‡Qb, ÔIt is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing powerÕ A_©vr, ¶gZv KL‡bv `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í K‡i bv, K‡i fq| ¶gZv nvivevi fq| cÖkœ Rv‡M, †ivwn½v‡`i wb‡q GB ˆemv`„k¨c~Y© e³e¨ wZwb Kx K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡jb? A_P biI‡q‡Z Zvi cÖZxw¶Z †bv‡ej fvlY`vb Avi GB msev` m‡¤§j‡b cÖ`Ë e³‡e¨i mgqKvj kwbevi †_‡K †mvgevi, gv‡S †iveevi, †mUvB n‡”Q e¨eavb| Avevi wZwb msev` m‡¤§j‡b †h bvMwiK‡Z¡i AvBbwU Rvbv †bB e‡j‡Qb, †mUvI Zvi bv Rvbvi K_v bq| G wel‡q B›Uvi‡b‡U DBwKwcwWqvq m~Îm‡gZ Gi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡QÑ Burmese nationality law currently recognizes three categories of citizens, namely citizen, associate citizen and naturalized citizen, according to the 1982 Citizenship Law. Citizens, as defined by the 1947 Constitution, are persons who belong to an Òindigenous raceÓ, have a grandparent from an Òindigenous raceÓ, are children of citizens, or lived in prior to 1942. Under this law, citizens are required to obtain a National Registration Card (NRC), while non-citizens are given a Foreign Registration Card (FRC). Citizens whose parents hold FRCs are not allowed to run for public office A_©vr, 1982 mv‡j cÖYxZ evg©vi bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb wZb ai‡bi bvMwiK‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ bvMwiK, mn‡hvMx bvMwiK I ¯^fvexf‚Z bvMwiK| 1947 mv‡ji msweavb Abymv‡i, bvMwiK ZvivB hviv ¯^‡`kRvZ ms¯‹…wZi, hv‡`i wcZvgn ¯^‡`kRvZ ms¯‹…wZi, Zv‡`i mšÍvbiv, A_ev 1942 mv‡ji Av‡M weªwUk evg©vq hviv emevm K‡i‡Qb| GB AvBb Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K b¨vkbvj †iwR‡÷ªkb KvW© (GbAviwm) msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e, cvkvcvwk hviv bvMwiK bb, Zv‡`i d‡ib †iwR‡÷ªkb KvW© (GdAviwm) †`qv n‡e| bvMwiK‡`i AwffveK hviv GdAviwmi AwaKvix, Zviv †Kv‡bv RbcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
Zv n‡j welqUv Kx `uvovj? As mvb my wP evg©vi bvMwiKZ¡ AvBbwU my¯úó Rv‡bb bv, G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e? A_P wZwb fviZ, jÛb, Rvcvb I wbD Bq‡K© wkw¶Z, RvwZms‡N gnvmwP‡ei mnKvix mwPe wn‡m‡e K‡g©vwfÁ Ges evg©vi we‡ivax `j b¨vkbvj jxM di †W‡gv‡µwm `‡ji †Pqvicvm©b! bvwK a‡i wb‡Z n‡e GwU G gyn~‡Z© Zvi wb‡R‡K i¶vi GKwU ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj A_ev miKvi‡KB we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Revew`wnZvi gy‡L †V‡j †`qv?
Zv n‡j GB †ivwn½v‡`i BwZnvmUv Kx? †ivwn½v‡`i `vwe, Aóg kZvãx‡Z Aviexq gymjgvb‡`i AvivKvb iv‡R¨ evwY‡R¨ Avmvi mv‡_ Zviv mswkøó| wKš‘ wKQz BwZnvmwe` Avie I AvivKvbx‡`i m¤úK©‡K cwic~Y©fv‡eB A¯^xKvi K‡ib| c¶všÍ‡i, AvivKvbx e³e¨ 1950 mv‡ji Av‡M †ivwn½v k‡ãiB †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| evwg©R BwZnvmwe` W. gs gs-Gi g‡Z 1924 mv‡ji weªwUk Av`gïgvix‡Z †ivwn½v k‡ãi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Z‡e G K_v wVK, 15 I 16 kZvãx‡Z AvivKvb wQj †eŠ× I gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯^vaxb Avevm| 1824-26 mv‡j msNwUZ A¨v½‡jv-evwg©R hy‡×i mgq weªwUkiv nvRvi nvRvi Awfevmx fviZxq‡`i AvivKvbmn `w¶Y evg©vq Pvlvev‡` hy³ K‡i| †mmgq AvivKvbx‡`i m‡½ †ivwn½v‡`i †ek K‡qKwU `v½vi NUbv N‡U, †mB †_‡K †ivwn½v‡`i bvg nq evOvwj| 1942 mv‡j msNwUZ me‡P‡q eo `v½vq K‡qK nvRvi †ivwn½vmn 20 nvRvi AvivKvbx gviv hvq| Av‡Rv †mB `v½v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| †g-Ryb gv‡m me©‡kl `v½vq G ch©šÍ miKvwi wn‡m‡e 50 Rb †ivwn½v-AvivKvbx gviv †M‡Q| 3 nvRv‡ii Dc‡i evox-Ni-†`vKvbcvU cywo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges 30 nvRv‡iiI †ewk gvby‡li evm¯’vbPz¨wZ N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ AvšÍR©vwZK ch©‡e¶K‡`i g‡Z G msL¨v Av‡iv †ewk| †ivwn½v‡`i †gvU 8 jvL RbmsL¨vi gv‡S evsjv‡`‡ki K·evRv‡i RvwZmsN DØv¯‘ ms¯’v BDGbGBPwmAvi cwiPvwjZ `ywU DØv¯‘ wkwe‡i cÖvq 30 nvRvi wbewÜZ †ivwn½v DØv¯‘ i‡q‡Q| G QvovI 2 j¶vwaK AwbewÜZ †ivwn½v DØv¯‘ evsjv‡`‡k Av‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni we‡ePbvq GB †ivwn½viv n‡”Q c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q wb‡®úwlZ I D‡cw¶Z DØv¯‘ Ges PÆMÖv‡gi AvÂwjK fvlvfvlx|
ZvB KvwPb, Kvqvn, Kvwqb, wPb, gb, evgvi, ivLvBb, †mb, Iqv, bvMv, jvû, wjmy, cvjvDs, BwÛqvb I †ivwn½v Aay¨wlZ wgqvbgv‡ii ivLvBb (AvivKvb) A½ivR¨mn Ab¨vb¨ A½iv‡R¨ wewfbœ RvwZmËvi gv‡S GB we`¨gvb nvbvnvwb GK A‡_© ag© I RvwZi cÖkœwU Qvwo‡q RvwZ I RvZxqZvev‡` msµwgZ| hw`I cÖZœZvwË¡K‡`i `„wó‡Z RvwZMZ welqwU i³, gv_vi Lywj I eyw×gËvi ¯Íi we‡ePbvq n‡jI ˆeÁvwbK `„wó‡Z Zv ¯’‚j ˆewK| GKBmv‡_ wgqvbgv‡ii GB RvwZMZ mgm¨vwU †h Jc‡b‡ewkKZvi DËivwaKvi †mUv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| G Kvi‡Y AvR‡Ki evg©vi gvbwPÎ †hfv‡e wbiƒwcZ, Zv‡Z cÖvK-Jc‡b‡ewkK ¯^vaxb ivR¨¸‡jvq cÖRv‡`i ¯’vbvšÍi †Kv‡bv mxgvbvi †eóbx‡Z Ave× wQj bv eyS‡Z n‡e| n‡Z cv‡i G Kvi‡Y As mvb my wP Zvi miKv‡ii Kv‡Q bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb _vKv m‡Ë¡I wek¦ wgwWqvi gva¨‡g bvMwiKZ¡ AvB‡bi my¯úó e¨vL¨vwU †P‡q‡Qb| GLb †h‡nZz wgqvbgvi MYZš¿ DËiY hvÎvq i‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz cÖwZ‡ekx †`k wn‡m‡e cÖwZwbqZ GB †ivwn½v Rb‡mÖv‡Zi DrKÉvq _vKvi PvB‡Z `ª“Z As mvb my wP-‡K ivóªxqfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q miRwg‡b welqwUi myivnvq HKvwšÍfv‡e m‡Pó KivUvB n‡e ciivóªbxwZi Ab¨Zg KvR| bZzev †hLv‡b Zv‡K we‡k¦i we‡eK ejv n‡”Q, AvšÍRvwZ©K gvbevwaKvi ms¯’v A¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Zv‡K Avqvij¨v‡Ûi Wvewj‡b m‡e©v”P ÔA¨v¤^vmvWi Ae Kbkvm A¨vIqvW©Õ w`‡q‡Q, Zvi cÖÁv I Awnsm bxwZi Pg‡Ki A‡c¶vq mviv wek¦ ZvwK‡q Av‡Q, †m‡¶‡Î Avgiv wK †mB my‡hvMUv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvwi bv? cÖavbgš¿x Avcwb D‡`¨vMx n‡j RvwZms‡Ni we‡ePbvq c„w_exi mePvB‡Z wb‡®úwlZ I D‡cw¶Z GB DØv¯‘ †ivwn½viv gvby‡li gh©v`vq Zv‡`i ¯’vqx AvevmwU wd‡i †c‡Z cv‡i| B-†gBj : bukhari.toronto@gmail.com
ev¯ÍweK A‡_©, Avgvi Kv‡Q Zvi GB K_v¸‡jv 21 eQi cÖZx¶vi ci †mB biI‡q‡Z †`qv †bv‡ej fvl‡Yi cÖwZ GK Pig gZ‰ØZZv I Dcnvm e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv IB †bv‡ej fvl‡Y wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔWhen the Nobel Commitee awarded the Peace Prize to me they were recognizing that the oppressed and the isolated in Burma were also a part of the world, they were recognizing the oneness of humanity. So for me receiving the Nobel Peace Prize means personally extending my concerns for democracy and human rights beyond national borders. The Nobel Peace Prize opened up a door in my heart The Burmese concept of peace can be explained as the happiness arising from the cessation of factors that militate against the harmonious and the wholesome. The word nyein-chan translates literally as the beneficial coolness that comes when a fire is extinguished. Fires of suffering and strife are raging around the world. In my own country, hostilities have not ceased in the far north; to the west, communal violence resulting in arson and murder were taking place just several days before I started out on the journey that has brought me here today. News of atrocities in other reaches of the earth aboundÕ A_©vr, †bv‡ej KwgwU hLb Avgv‡K kvwšÍ cyi¯‹viwU †`q, ZLb evg©vi wb‡®úwlZ‡`i we‡k¦i Ask wn‡m‡e Keyj K‡i‡Q, Zviv Awe‡”Q`¨ gvbeZv‡K Keyj K‡i‡Q| †mB Kvi‡Y Avgvi e¨w³MZfv‡e kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹viwU MÖnY KivwU RvZxq mxgvbvi evB‡i MYZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii D‡ØM‡K we¯Í…Z K‡i‡Q| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹viwU Avgvi nƒ`‡qi `iRv‡K Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| evwg©R‡`i kvwšÍi aviYvwU wgjwewkó I mRxeZvi wei“‡× mwµq ¶vwšÍ ev weiwZi Dcv`vb †_‡K D™¢‚Z my‡LB AšÍwb©wnZ| Ôwb‡qb-†PbÕ kãwUi Av¶wiK A_© n‡”Q Av¸b wb‡f hvIqvi ci †h cÖkvwšÍ Av‡m| `y‡f©v‡Mi Av¸b I weev` we‡k¦i me©Î| Avgvi wb‡Ri †`‡k, Dˇi nvbvnvwb eÜ nqwb, cwð‡g RvwZMZ mwnsmZv AwMœms‡hvM I nZ¨v RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q, †mUvB msNwUZ nIqvi ci †h hvÎvq AvR Avwg GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z|
we¯§‡q nZevK n‡Z nq, †h †bÎx‡K Avwg GZUv †`exZzj¨ g‡b Kwi, †h †bÎx Zvi †`‡ki 6 †KvwU gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•¶vi AcÖwZØ›Øx cÖwZdjb, hv‡K mviv we‡k¦i we‡eK I MYZ‡š¿i cÖZxK AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q, hvi Rxebv‡jL¨ wb‡q d«v‡Ýi L¨vZbvgv cwiPvjK jvK †emb Ô`¨ †jwWÕ QvqvQwe K‡i‡Qb Ges wb‡RB whwb 1991 mv‡j Ôwd«Wg d«g wdqviÕ eB iPbv K‡i wj‡L‡Qb, ÔIt is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing powerÕ A_©vr, ¶gZv KL‡bv `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í K‡i bv, K‡i fq| ¶gZv nvivevi fq| cÖkœ Rv‡M, †ivwn½v‡`i wb‡q GB ˆemv`„k¨c~Y© e³e¨ wZwb Kx K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡jb? A_P biI‡q‡Z Zvi cÖZxw¶Z †bv‡ej fvlY`vb Avi GB msev` m‡¤§j‡b cÖ`Ë e³‡e¨i mgqKvj kwbevi †_‡K †mvgevi, gv‡S †iveevi, †mUvB n‡”Q e¨eavb| Avevi wZwb msev` m‡¤§j‡b †h bvMwiK‡Z¡i AvBbwU Rvbv †bB e‡j‡Qb, †mUvI Zvi bv Rvbvi K_v bq| G wel‡q B›Uvi‡b‡U DBwKwcwWqvq m~Îm‡gZ Gi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡QÑ Burmese nationality law currently recognizes three categories of citizens, namely citizen, associate citizen and naturalized citizen, according to the 1982 Citizenship Law. Citizens, as defined by the 1947 Constitution, are persons who belong to an Òindigenous raceÓ, have a grandparent from an Òindigenous raceÓ, are children of citizens, or lived in prior to 1942. Under this law, citizens are required to obtain a National Registration Card (NRC), while non-citizens are given a Foreign Registration Card (FRC). Citizens whose parents hold FRCs are not allowed to run for public office A_©vr, 1982 mv‡j cÖYxZ evg©vi bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb wZb ai‡bi bvMwiK‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ bvMwiK, mn‡hvMx bvMwiK I ¯^fvexf‚Z bvMwiK| 1947 mv‡ji msweavb Abymv‡i, bvMwiK ZvivB hviv ¯^‡`kRvZ ms¯‹…wZi, hv‡`i wcZvgn ¯^‡`kRvZ ms¯‹…wZi, Zv‡`i mšÍvbiv, A_ev 1942 mv‡ji Av‡M weªwUk evg©vq hviv emevm K‡i‡Qb| GB AvBb Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K b¨vkbvj †iwR‡÷ªkb KvW© (GbAviwm) msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e, cvkvcvwk hviv bvMwiK bb, Zv‡`i d‡ib †iwR‡÷ªkb KvW© (GdAviwm) †`qv n‡e| bvMwiK‡`i AwffveK hviv GdAviwmi AwaKvix, Zviv †Kv‡bv RbcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
Zv n‡j welqUv Kx `uvovj? As mvb my wP evg©vi bvMwiKZ¡ AvBbwU my¯úó Rv‡bb bv, G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e? A_P wZwb fviZ, jÛb, Rvcvb I wbD Bq‡K© wkw¶Z, RvwZms‡N gnvmwP‡ei mnKvix mwPe wn‡m‡e K‡g©vwfÁ Ges evg©vi we‡ivax `j b¨vkbvj jxM di †W‡gv‡µwm `‡ji †Pqvicvm©b! bvwK a‡i wb‡Z n‡e GwU G gyn~‡Z© Zvi wb‡R‡K i¶vi GKwU ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj A_ev miKvi‡KB we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Revew`wnZvi gy‡L †V‡j †`qv?
Zv n‡j GB †ivwn½v‡`i BwZnvmUv Kx? †ivwn½v‡`i `vwe, Aóg kZvãx‡Z Aviexq gymjgvb‡`i AvivKvb iv‡R¨ evwY‡R¨ Avmvi mv‡_ Zviv mswkøó| wKš‘ wKQz BwZnvmwe` Avie I AvivKvbx‡`i m¤úK©‡K cwic~Y©fv‡eB A¯^xKvi K‡ib| c¶všÍ‡i, AvivKvbx e³e¨ 1950 mv‡ji Av‡M †ivwn½v k‡ãiB †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| evwg©R BwZnvmwe` W. gs gs-Gi g‡Z 1924 mv‡ji weªwUk Av`gïgvix‡Z †ivwn½v k‡ãi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Z‡e G K_v wVK, 15 I 16 kZvãx‡Z AvivKvb wQj †eŠ× I gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯^vaxb Avevm| 1824-26 mv‡j msNwUZ A¨v½‡jv-evwg©R hy‡×i mgq weªwUkiv nvRvi nvRvi Awfevmx fviZxq‡`i AvivKvbmn `w¶Y evg©vq Pvlvev‡` hy³ K‡i| †mmgq AvivKvbx‡`i m‡½ †ivwn½v‡`i †ek K‡qKwU `v½vi NUbv N‡U, †mB †_‡K †ivwn½v‡`i bvg nq evOvwj| 1942 mv‡j msNwUZ me‡P‡q eo `v½vq K‡qK nvRvi †ivwn½vmn 20 nvRvi AvivKvbx gviv hvq| Av‡Rv †mB `v½v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| †g-Ryb gv‡m me©‡kl `v½vq G ch©šÍ miKvwi wn‡m‡e 50 Rb †ivwn½v-AvivKvbx gviv †M‡Q| 3 nvRv‡ii Dc‡i evox-Ni-†`vKvbcvU cywo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges 30 nvRv‡iiI †ewk gvby‡li evm¯’vbPz¨wZ N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ AvšÍR©vwZK ch©‡e¶K‡`i g‡Z G msL¨v Av‡iv †ewk| †ivwn½v‡`i †gvU 8 jvL RbmsL¨vi gv‡S evsjv‡`‡ki K·evRv‡i RvwZmsN DØv¯‘ ms¯’v BDGbGBPwmAvi cwiPvwjZ `ywU DØv¯‘ wkwe‡i cÖvq 30 nvRvi wbewÜZ †ivwn½v DØv¯‘ i‡q‡Q| G QvovI 2 j¶vwaK AwbewÜZ †ivwn½v DØv¯‘ evsjv‡`‡k Av‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni we‡ePbvq GB †ivwn½viv n‡”Q c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q wb‡®úwlZ I D‡cw¶Z DØv¯‘ Ges PÆMÖv‡gi AvÂwjK fvlvfvlx|
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